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Dictionary of Indian Music

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Index
A Dictionary

                

  1. Ābhoga

  2. Acala Svara

  3. Acala Ṭhāṭa o Acala Thāṭa

  4. Ādhicakradāra                   

  5. Ādhunika Saṁgīta                      

  6. Āḍi Laya                       

  7. Āgantuka Svara                    

  8. Āhata                        

  9. Ākāra

  10. Alaṁkāra or Alankar                     

  11. Alaṁkārika Pada​                    

  12. Ālaṁkārika Svara                       

  13. Ālāpa​                    

  14. Alpatva​                    

  15. Aṁga

  16. Aṁga Prādhānya                      

  17. Aṁśa

  18. Anāgata

  19. Anāghāta                      

  20. Anāhata

  21. Āndolana 

  22. Anibaddha

  23. Antarā                      

  24. Antara Gāndhāra                      

  25. Anudātta

  26. Anuloma

  27. Anuvādī

  28. Apanyāsa

  29. Ārcika

  30. Āroha

  31. Ārohī Varṇa   

  32. Āśa o anche Syuṁt

  33. Āśraya Rāga                      

  34. Aṣṭachāpa                      

  35. Āsthāyī                      

  36. Aśvakrāntā                      

  37. Ātāī                      

  38. Aṭhguna                      

  39. Ati Komala                      

  40. Atīta                      

  41. Auḍuva or Auḍava 

  42. Āvartan                      

  43. Avaroha                      

  44. Avarohī           

  45. Bāḍhat                      

  46. Bahutva                      

  47. Bāī                      

  48. Baaj                      

  49. Bāṁṭa                       

  50. Bandish 

  51. Barabara                       

  52. Bemaṁcā                      

  53. Bemāñjā                      

  54. Bhajan                     

  55. Bhāo                      

  56. Bhakti                      

  57. Bhāva                            

  58. Bhinnā Gīti                      

  59. Bidārī                      

  60. Bola or Vani              

  61. Cakradāra                      

  62. Cāla                     

  63. Calana                     

  64. Capaka                     

  65. Caturaṅga                     

  66. Cauguna                      

  67. Cautāla                      

  68. Chehguna                      

  69. Chāpa                       

  70. Chanda                       

  71. Chāyālaga                       

  72. Cheḍ                       

  73. Chūṭ                       

  74. Cikārī                       

  75. Cilla                       

  76. Classic  or Saṁgīta 

  77. Ḍāgara Vāṇī             

  78. Dakśiṇa Bhāratīya                       

  79. Damkham                       

  80. Ḍauṛhā                       

  81. Deśī Sangeet                       

  82. Dhā

  83. Dhaivata                       

  84. Dhamāra                      

  85. Dhātu                      

  86. Dhrupada                      

  87. Dhuna                      

  88. Dhurana                       

  89. Dhuyā                      

  90. Dhvani                       

  91. Druta Laya                       

  92. Duguna                       

  93. Dumnī    

  94. Ekaguna                                          

  95. Gamaka                       

  96. Gāna                    

  97. Gāndhāra                      

  98. Gāndhāra Grāma                      

  99. Gat                      

  100. Gāthika                       

  101. Gati                       

  102. Gauḍī Gīti                       

  103. Gāyaka                       

  104. Gāyaka Doṣas                       

  105. Gāyaka Guṇas                       

  106. Gazal o Ghazal                         

  107. Gharānā                           

  108. Ghaṣiṭ                           

  109. Gīta                          

  110. Gīta Bidārī                          

  111. Gīta Khaṇḍa                           

  112. Gīti                         

  113. Giṭkārī                         

  114. Gobarahāra Vāṇī                        

  115. Graha                         

  116. Grāma                                             

  117. Halak Tāna                          

  118. Halkā

  119. Harmony                        

  120. Hindustāni Paddhati

  121. Imdādḵẖānī                         

  122. Jābaḍā                        

  123. Janaka Rāga                       

  124. Jāti                        

  125. Javāb Saṁgat                        

  126. Jhālā                       

  127. Jhaṁkāra                         

  128. Jhārā                         

  129. Jhaṭkā​                       

  130. Joḍ                         

  131. Javārī

  132. Joḍi Tār          

  133. Kaḍi Madhyama                          

  134. Kaiśikī Niṣāda                          

  135. Kākalī Niṣāda                           

  136. Kalā                          

  137. Kalavānā (Qalawānā)

  138. Kampana                           

  139. Kampita                           

  140. Kaṇa                           

  141. Karnāṭaka Paddhati                            

  142. Kattara                           

  143. Kattara Jhālā                            

  144. Kavvāl (Qawwāli)        

  145. Kāyadā (Qāedā)         

  146. Khaṇḍāra Vāṇī                           

  147. Kharaja                             

  148. Kharaja Parivartana    

  149. Khaṭkā                           

  150. Khayal                          

  151. Khuli                          

  152. Kīrtana                         

  153. Komala Svara                         

  154. Krama                         

  155. Kṛntana                         

  156. Kuādī e Barāḍī                         

  157. Kūṭa Tāna                          

  158. Lacāva Ṭhumrī                          

  159. Laḍaguthāo                          

  160. Laḍalapeṭa                          

  161. Laḍī                          

  162. Lāgdāṁṭ                           

  163. Laggī                           

  164. Laghu Saṁgīta                          

  165. Lahak                          

  166. Lehra                          

  167. Lehra Gat                           

  168. Lāsya                          

  169. Laya                          

  170. Layakārī                                                 

  171. Madhya Laya                          

  172. Madhyam Saptaka 

  173. Madhyama                          

  174. Madhyama Grāma     

  175. Maṁca (Mañca)                         

  176. Maṁdra  Saptaka (Mandra Saptaka)                        

  177. Maṁjādār or Māṁjhādār  

  178. Māṁjhā or Māṁjā  

  179. Mārga Saṁgita                        

  180. Masīdkhānī or Masitkhānī  

  181. Mata                        

  182. Māṭhā                        

  183. Mātrā                         

  184. Mātu                        

  185. Mela                        

  186. Melakartā                        

  187. Mīḍ                         

  188. Mīḍakhaḍṇa                        

  189. Mirāsī                        

  190. Moḍedār                        

  191. Moharā                        

  192. Mṛdu                        

  193. Mudi                        

  194. Mudrā                        

  195. Mukha                       

  196. Mukhaḍā, Mohaḍā or Moḍā 

  197. Mūrcchanā                      

  198. Murkī or Murakī 

  199. Nāda                      

  200. Nāḍā                      

  201. Naṣta 

  202. Nauhāra Vāṇī                      

  203. Nāyaka                      

  204. Nāyakī Tār 

  205. Nibaddha                       

  206. Niṣāda                        

  207. Nṛtya                         

  208. Nyāsa                       

  209. Pada                        

  210. Pada Bidārī                        

  211. Paḍāla                        

  212. Pakaḍa                       

  213. Pañcama                        

  214. Paraṇa                       

  215. Pardūna                       

  216. Parkhāda or Parkhāja

  217. Parmāṭhā                        

  218. Pāṭa                        

  219. Perāḍī                        

  220. Peśkār                        

  221. Phāṁk                        

  222. Pharad                        

  223. Pharāsbandī                        

  224. Phirat                        

  225. Prakāra Bheda                        

  226. Pramāṇa Ṥrutī                       

  227. Prastāra                        

  228. Purvāṁga                       

  229. Rāga                       

  230. Rāga-Citra                       

  231. Rāginī                       

  232. Rakti                       

  233. Ramya Gīti                       

  234. Rañjakatā                      

  235. Rasa                       

  236. Razakhānī or Rezākhānī

  237. Relā                        

  238. Ṛṣabha                        

  239. Ṛtu                                               

  240. Ṥabdālaṁkāra                        

  241. Sacala Svara                        

  242. Sacala Ṭhāṭa                        

  243. Sādāra                       

  244. Ṣāḍava                       

  245. Sādhāraṇa Gāndhāra  

  246. Sādhāraṇī Gīti                       

  247. Ṣaḍjā                        

  248. Ṣaḍja Grāma                        

  249. Sākārī​                      

  250. Salāmī Ṭukḍā                        

  251. Sālaṅka Ṥreṇī                        

  252. Sama                        

  253. Sāma Veda                        

  254. Samaya                        

  255. Saṁgat                        

  256. Saṁgīta                        

  257. Sāmika                          

  258. Saṁkīrṇa Ṥreṇī                          

  259. Sampūrṇa                          

  260. Saṁvādī                          

  261. Sañcārī Tuk                          

  262. Sandhi Prakāśa                          

  263. Sanyāsa                          

  264. Sapāṭa Tāna                          

  265. Saptaka                          

  266. Saragam                          

  267. Sāraṇā                           

  268. Sārikā o Parda                          

  269. Sāth Saṁgat                          

  270. Savārī                          

  271. Seniyā Gharānā                          

  272. Silsilā                          

  273. Sparśa                          

  274. Ṥrutī                         

  275. Ṥuddha Svara                          

  276. Ṥuluf                         

  277. Suraparaṇa                          

  278. Swara                         

  279. Swara Jñāna                         

  280. Svaralipi                         

  281. Svarita                         

  282. Ṥvāsa                         

  283. Svayambhū Svara​                       ​                       

  284. Tāla                         

  285. Tālīm                         

  286. Taan                        

  287. Ṭappā                          

  288. Tarānā, Telenā or Tillānā

  289. Tāraparaṇa                          

  290. Tarafha or Taraf              

  291. Tārasaptaka                          

  292. Tauryatrika                          

  293. Tayafā, Tavāyafh or Tawaif

  294. Thāpiyā                         

  295. Thaat                         

  296. Ṭhekā                        

  297. Ṭhumrī                          

  298. Tihāī                         

  299. Ṭīp                        

  300. Tivra-Komala Svara  

  301. Tivra Svara                         

  302. Toḍā                          

  303. Tripallī                          

  304. Trivaṭa                          

  305. Tuk                          

  306. Ṭukḍā                                                     

  307. Udātta                            

  308. Upaja                           

  309. Uṭhān                                                     

  310. Vādaka Guṇa                           

  311. Vādī                           

  312. Vādya: Musical Instruments of India                          

  313. Vajan (Vazan)                          

  314. Vakra                          

  315. Vāṅī                          

  316. Varṇa                         

  317. Varṇālaṁkāra                           

  318. Vegasvarā or Besarā Gīti

  319. Viḍhāra, Viḍāra or Vidāra

  320. Vikṛta Svara                         

  321. Vilambita Laya                         

  322. Viloma                         

  323. Vinyāsa                         

  324. Viṣama                         

  325. Vistāra                         

  326. Vivādī                        

  327. Yati  

  328. Zamzamā                          

  329. Zarab

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My online music lessons are the perfect way to learn to sing, or improve the vocal techniques already acquired, or to start playing your favorite instrument or progress in your musical path through an alternative teaching method to Western teaching.

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The goal of my Indian classical music courses is to teach you the basics of this wonderful art form. You will learn about the various Ragas, or modal scales, the Talas or rhythmic cycles, and the vocal and instrumental techniques used for improvisation in Indian classical music.

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During my lessons I use a variety of techniques and exercises to learn to improvise and compose. What you will learn in my Indian classical music courses will be based on the concepts of modal scale and rhythmic cycle, i.e. Raga and Tala. You will also learn vocal and instrumental techniques which, although based on Indian musical theory, also find application in the Western musical system.

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The main instruments of Indian Classical Music

The Sitar is the icon of Indian Classical music. The structure and tonal quality of this instrument is the result of several years of hard work and dedication of both the musicians and the master luthiers.

Goṭu Vādyama is a modified and developed form of Ektantri Veena, appeared on the scene of the Carnatic music system about hundred fifty years ago, it can be considered the Vichitra Veena of South India.

The name Rudra Vina, often written Rudra Veena, first appears in Nārada's Saṃgīta Makaranda between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and is supposed to be a derivation of the Kinnarī Vīṇā.

The Taus, the Dilruba and the Esraj are North Indian bowed instruments, all three with hybrid characteristics of the Sitar, such as long necks, fingerboard and metal strings, and of the Sāraṅgī such as the crafted soundboard Leather.

The Saraswati Veena, is very different from the Vīṇā of northern India. In fact, the arrangement of the main strings and cikari, the posture and the sound production techniques remain the same.

The Vichitra Vina, often written Vichitra Veena, saw its splendor towards the beginning of the twentieth century but many indications lead us to think that it is a developed and modified version of a very ancient instrument.

The Surabahar, often written Surbahar, was created, according to tradition, by Gholām Mohammad Khān, disciple of Piyār Khān and Omrāo Khān. Much larger than the Sitār, it is used, both in the Dhrupad and in the Khayal.

The Tampura is a fundamental instrument of Indian classical music, present in both the northern and southern systems. The function of this chordophone is to provide a sound in the background, that acts as a drone for improvisation.

In Arabic the term rebab indicates a bowed instrument; in fact the two half-moon inlets that characterize the shape of the Rabab's sound box suggest that it was only later converted into a direct pluck instrument.

The Svaramandala is a chordophone used by singers for accompaniment. Kallinatha in his commentary on Śārṅgadeva's Saṅgīta Ratnākara coincides the matakokilavīṇā of Bharata Muni's time with the Svaramaṇḍala,

The Sanṭoor is a dulcimer that has only recently entered Indian classical music scene. It is considered one of the most important developments of the twentieth century in Indian Classical music.

The transverse flute used in Indian classical music, is capable of reproducing all the delicate movements, ornamentations and nuances of the human voice. This instrument finds references in many sacred texts.

Among the main contributions of Indian instrumental technology, both in terms of production quantity and timbre quality, bifacial convex diaphragms occupy a place of primary importance in Indian Classical Music.

In the folk and tribal music of different regions of India, various types of stringed instruments are found with a very varied tradition. In the Rajasthani tradition there are more than ten types of Sāraṅgī.

This name derives from two sanskrit terms "pakshe vadya", or from the Persian "pakh awaz" which means soft sounding. The pakahwaj became the main percussion in the north, while the mridangam assumed centrality in the south.

The term Sarod, of Persian origin, means "song" or "melody". All hypotheses regarding the origin of the Sarod, are based on many assumptions and inferences. The general opinion is that it is a developed version of the Rabab,

One of the oldest and most widespread percussion instruments are the timpani, with a conical-shaped body, the skin of which is often struck with beaters modeled in an arched shape or simply straight, with a  knobbed head.

The terms Shahana, Shahanay or Shennay identify the zurna, a wooden aerophone typical of Persian musical culture. In Iran we can still find various styles of this instrument which vary both in size and in the quality of wood used.

Tabla are the percussion instruments that best represent Indian musical culture. This instrument, used mainly in the Hindustani style, accompanies singing, instrumental music and dance.

The khol is the most used percussion in the north-eastern region of India, often linked to the Vaishnava cult of Bengal and Assam, it is also often called mridang since the body is made of terracotta (mrit means clay).

Probably in the past the pakhavaj and the mridangam presented much fewer differences and are in fact to be associated with a single archetype, but they developed over the centuries within two different styles,

Frame drums are very popular in India and the simplicity of manufacturing these instruments has facilitated their diffusion. They are in fact a thin strip of iron or wood bent into a circular shape with the two ends joined on which a membrane is applied.

The sound production techniques and the structure are identical to the shennay, the differences are mostly related to the dimensions and some small details. The double reed is fixed on a metal support which fits onto the wooden body. 

The violin, which in India is also called Behalā, as we know, is one of the first Western instruments to have been introduced, more than a century and a half ago, into Indian music by Baluswamy Dikshitar (1786-1858), a great music scholar caranatica. 

The Suraśṛṁgāra, often written Sursingar in many respects similar to the Surabahar, is a reinterpretation of the Rabab created in Benares under the supervision of Zafar Khān.

The moorchang,  is a typical example of a universal instrument. In Italy it is a popular instrument called the wind chime or marranzano and although it takes on different forms, it is used all over the world.

The tavil belongs to the folk music tradition of South India, and is often played with a wind ensemble called periya melam. This percussion has a barrel shape with a single-layered stem, obtained from a single cylindrical block of wood.

Frame drums are very popular in India and the simplicity of manufacturing these instruments has facilitated their diffusion. They are in fact a thin strip of iron or wood bent into a circular shape.

The term bhanda vadya is used to indicate all terracotta percussion instruments with a spherical body, practically real vases of various shapes and sizes.

The term "Mohan veena" can denote one of two distinct plucked string instruments utilized in Indian classical music, particularly in Hindustani classical music, which is traditionally associated with the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent.

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